...DETERGENT ADDITIVES...

 DETERGENT ADDITIVES & THEIR FUNCTION

• Biological enzyme - to break down and remove stains such as blood
• Filler (drying agent) - make the solid detergent dry to be poured easily
• Fragrance - to give detergent and fabrics better smell
• Whitening agent - bleach the white fabrics but does not bleach the dye on the coloured fabrics
• Stabilising agent - lower the production of foam especially during the usage in a washing machine

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

The effectiveness of soaps as a cleaning agent reduces when it is used in
 - hard water (contains calcium & magnesium ions)
 - acidic water (contains hydrogen ions)

HARD WATER


Soap - reacts with magnesium or calcium ions to form an insoluble precipitate ( soap scum )
         - formation of the scum  reduce the amount of soap used for cleaning

Detergent - reacts with magnesium or calcium ions to form soluble substances
                - detergent does not form scum in hard water

ACIDIC WATER


Soap - hydrogen ions in acidic water react with the soap to form insoluble long-chain fatty acids
         - the formation reduces the amount of soap used for cleansing

Detergent - hydrogen ions in acidic water reacts with the detergent to form soluble acids
                - does not form precipitate in acidic water.

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---

...CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP & DETERGENT...

CLEANSING ACTION..???

The cleaning action of soap and detergent is the same.

Soaps and detergents have the ability to :

• lower the surface tension of water
• emulsify oil or grease
• hole the emulsion in suspension in water

sodium soap dissolves in water to form soap anions & sodium cations.

a soap anions consist of 2 parts, they are :

  - carboxylate ion : hyrophilic part that is soluble in water

  - long hydrocarbon tail : soluble in grease or oil

detergent also dissolves in water to form detergent anions and sodium cations.

detergent anion also consist of 2 :

  - sulphate ion : hydrophilic part that soluble in water

  - long hydrocarbon tail : soluble in grease or oils

1. when soap or detergent is added to water, the hydrophilic part of the soap or detergent anion dissolves in water. The hydrocarbon tail which is a hydrophobic  part dissolves in grease, thus lowering the surface tension and increasing the wetting ability of water.
2. mechanical agitation during scrubbing helps to pull the grease free and break the grease into small droplets, thus emulsifying the oil or grease.
3. repulsion forces between the negative charges on the surface prevent the drpolets from redepositing on the cloth surface, hence holding the droplets in suspension in water and forming an emulsion.

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---

...DETERGENT...

WHAT IS DETERGENT..??

 Any cleaning agent that is not a soap is a  detergent
 Detergent are sodium salts of  sulphuric acid
 Detergent are produce when alkali react with sulphonic acid


    sulphonic acid + alkali --> detergent + water

PREPARATION OF DETERGENT

Detergent are prepared through 2 processes 

• sulphonation
• neutralisation

Long-chain hydrocarbon compounds from the petroleum fractions are converted into sulphonic acid through the sulphonation process.

The sulphonic acid produced then neutralised with sodium hydroxide to produce a detergent.

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---

...SOAP AND DETERGENT...

WHAT IS SOAP..??

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids.
Soaps are produced when alkalis reacts with fatty acids.


   Fatty acid + alkali --> soap + water


SOAP PREPARATION PROCESS..

Soaps are prepared by hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline condition.
This alkaline hydrolysis reaction is called  saponification.
The saponification process involves boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution or concentrated potassium hydroxide solution to produce glycerol  and the salts of fatty acids (soaps)

                                                       SAPONIFICATION PROCESS

                       

Saponification involves 2 steps :

- hydrolysis of fats or oils to produce glycerol and fatty acids

- neutralisation of fatty acids and concentrated alkali to produce soap and water

Soap that is produced ca be precipitated out from the mixture by adding sodium chloride.

Sodium chloride reduces the solubility of soap in water. The soap is then obtained through  filtration

TYPE OF SOAPS & THEIR RESPECTIVE PROPERTIES

SOLID SOAP

• harder soap
• made from sodium hydroxide and saturated oils such as coconut oil
• used for bathing

LIQUID SOAP

• softer soap
• made from potassium hydroxide and unsaturated oil such as olive oil
• used as liquid soap and shaving cream

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---

EFFECT OF FOOD ADDITIVES

Food additives enable us to keep the food fresh for a longer period of time, improve the taste of food and also enrich the nutrients of food. On the other side, some food additives may leave some effects.

EFFECT OF FOOD ADDITIVES IN HEALTH

1. Hydrogenated Fats - cardiovascular disease, obesity

2. Artificial Food Colors - allergies, asthma, hyperactivity; possible carcinogen

 3. Nitrites and Nitrates - these substances can develop into nitrosamines in body, which can be carcinogenic
4. Sulfites (sulfur dioxide, metabisulfites, and others)-allergic and asthmatic reactions


5. Sugar and Sweeteners - obesity, dental cavities, diabetes and hypoglycemia, increased triglycerides (blood fats) or candida (yeast)


6. Artificial Sweeteners (Aspartame, Acesulfame K and Saccharin)-behavioral problems, hyperactivity, allergies, and possibly carcinogenic. The government cautions against the use of any artificial sweetener by children and pregnant women. Anyone with PKU (phenylketonuria-a problem of phenylalanine, an amino acid, metabolism) should not use aspartame (Nutrasweet).


7. MSG (monosodium glutamate) - common allergic and behavioral reactions, including headaches, dizziness, chest pains, depression and mood swings; also a possible neurotoxin


8. Preservatives (BHA, BHT, EDTA, etc.) - allergic reactions, hyperactivity, possibly cancer-causing; BHT may be toxic to the nervous system and the liver


9. Artificial Flavors - allergic or behavioral reactions


10. Refined Flour - low-nutrient calories, carbohydrate imbalances, altered insulin production


11. Salt (excessive) - fluid retention and blood pressure increases


12. Olestra (an artificial fat) - diarrhea and digestive disturbances


 Other Concerns:


Food Waxes (protective coating of produce, as in cucumbers, peppers, and apples)-may trigger allergies, can contain pesticides, fungicide sprays or animal byproducts. 


Plastic packaging - Carcinogenic (vinyl chloride); immune reactions, lung shock








EFFECT FOOD ADDITIVES ON ENVIRONMENT

1. Butylates are responsible for high blood cholesterol levels as well as impaired liver and kidney functionS.
2. Caffeine is a colorant and flavorant that has diuretic, stimulant properties. It can cause nervousness, heart palpitations and occasionally heart defects.
3. Saccharin causes toxic reactions and allergic response, affecting skin, gastrointestinal tract and heart. It may also cause tumors and bladder cancer.
4. Red Dye 40 is suspected to cause certain birth defects and possibly cancer.
5. Mono and di-glycerides can cause birth defects, genetic changes and cancer.
6. Caramel is a famous flavoring and coloring agent that can cause vitamin B6 deficiencies. It can cause certain genetic defects and even cancer.
7. Sodium chloride can lead to high blood pressure, kidney failure, stroke and heart attack.

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---

...FOOD ADDITIVES..

First  of  all,  look at this... :: a food additive is a natural or synthetic substance which is added to food.

This is due to : - improve the taste, texture or appearance of a food.
                       - preserve and extend food storage life.
Food additives that commonly used are :

1. Preservatives
2. Antioxidants
3. Flavourings
4. Stabilisers
5. Thickeners
6. Dyes or colouring

USES OF FOOD ADDITIVES

PRESERVATIVES

- to slow down or prevent the growth of bacteria or fungi, so that the foo can be kept longer

- freezing & refrigeration are alternative ways to preserve meat instead using nitrite & nitrate

ANTIOXIDANTS

- to prevent oxidation that causes rancid fats and brown fruits

- this situation occurs when an apples or potatoes will turn br0wn when exposed to the air

FLAVOURING

- used to improve the taste or smell of food & restore taste loss due to food processing

- salt, sugar & vinegar are natural flavouring

STABILISERS

- stabilisers helps to mix two liquids that usually do not mix together (formed emulsion)

- emulsion is either oil droplets suspended in water or water droplets suspended in oil.

THICKENERS

( starch )

- substances that thicken food and give the food a firm, smooth and 

uniform texture

DYES OR COLOURINGS

( kordial )

- used to add or replace colour lost during food preparation

- to make food look attractive

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---

...USES OF FOOD ADDITIVES...

For this entry we'll g0ing to discuss bout food... just intr0 okey..when we talk about food, alm0st of us will imagine this..

or this...

also this.. :)

there are too many food in our life...but, do you know that each kind of food have their 0wn side effect..??

we'll g0ing to explore more about food for the next entry...

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---

...USES OF FOOD ADDITIVES...

For this entry we'll g0ing to discuss bout food... just intr0 okey..when we talk about food, alm0st of us will imagine this..

or this...

also this.. :)

there are too many food in our life...but, do you know that each kind of food have their 0wn side effect..??

we'll g0ing to explore more about food for the next entry...

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---

...USES OF FOOD ADDITIVES...

For this entry we'll g0ing to discuss bout food... just intr0 okey..when we talk about food, alm0st of us will imagine this..

or this...

also this.. :)

there are too many food in our life...but, do you know that each kind of food have their 0wn side effect..??

we'll g0ing to explore more about food for the next entry...

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---

H0W BOUT MEDICINE...??

WHAT IS MEDICINE...???

Chemicals that are used for medical purposes are called medicine.


For your information there are two type of medicine.. let us tell you what they are..
There are :
    - Traditional medicine
    - Modern medicine

What special bout this medicine is..they are n0t chemically processed.

Let me sh0w you s0me examples 0n this kind of medicine with their functi0ns and als0 their c0mm0n uses in 0ur daily life..

AL0E VERA or LIDAH BUAYA

Functi0ns

- to heals wounds & skin deseases

- to treat diabetes, asthma & sunburn

How it is used..?

- the leaf is used to produced juice and taken orally or rubbed on body

GINSENG

Functi0ns

- to boost the immune system

- able to improve the health of people recovering from illness

How it is used..?

- the root is dried and used to make tablets, capsules and powder

EURYCOMS LONGIFOLIA or TONGKAT ALI

Functi0ns

- to increase the male libido

How it is used..?

- made into tablets or capsules

Here s0me m0re examples on traditional medicine...

[beverage]

[liquid / k0rdial]

[tablet]

Now.. let us find 0ut bout this kind of medern medicine...

Most of modern medicine are synthesised by scientist. These medicine include analgesics, antibiotics,

 and physchotherapeutic medicines.

Analgesics

 - Analgesics commonly known as painkiller.

- This kind of medicine, do not treat the cause of pain but just to relieve pain without

causing numbness or affecting consciousness.

There are some examples of analgesics with their side effect :

ASPIRIN

side effect : increase bleeding especially the pregnant woman.

PARACETAMOL

side effect : causes blood disorders, skin rashes and swollen pancrease.

Antibiotics

- Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria but not to cure infections caused by

viruses such as flu and cold.

- there are some example of antibiotics with their side effect :

PENICILLIN

side effect : cause allergic reaction, diarrhoe & difficulty breathing.

Physchotherapeutic

- this kind of medicine are used to alter abnormal thinking, feelings or behaviours

- there are some example on this medicine : 

BARBITURATES

side effect : causes addiction, dizzines & increase dreaming.

ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICINES

side effect : causes drowsinnes, rapid heartbeat & dizziness.

Thats all !! Now let us describe bout the correct usage of modern medicine..

- actually, modern medicines should be taken under the doctor's prescription and supervision.

- some are simply unable to tolerate the modern medicines prescribed. Instead of stop taking the medicines,

one should work together with doctor to find way to reduce the side effects.

- HUSNINA & RAWEYAH -

---

CREATE BY CHEMIST'S GULRZ

---